Should the Government Regulate Artificial Intelligence and Its Dangers in Society?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62138/tuhenori.v3i4.161Keywords:
artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence regulation, ethics, policy , governance , algorithmic biasAbstract
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed various sectors, necessitating regulation to balance innovation and ethical concerns. This study examines the necessity of AI governance, evaluates its societal risks and benefits, and provides policy recommendations. The research reviews academic literature, government policies, and international regulations using a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. Findings highlight three regulatory models: the EU's human rights-based approach, the US's market-driven strategy, and China's state-controlled oversight. Key challenges include algorithmic bias, privacy violations, and cybersecurity threats. Effective AI policies should prioritize transparency, accountability, and public engagement while fostering innovation. This study recommends a risk-based regulatory approach, ensuring human oversight in high-risk AI applications. By implementing comprehensive governance, policymakers can maximize AI's benefits while mitigating risks and ensuring equitable technological advancement.
References
Adytia, N. A. P. (2024). Regulatory Arrangements and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Realizing Personal Data Protection in Indonesia. Kne Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i21.14807
Ahn, J., Connell, A., Simonetto, D. A., Hughes, C., & Shah, V. H. (2021). Application of Artificial Intelligence for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 73(6), 2546–2563. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31603
Akbar, M. A., Khan, A. A., Mahmood, S., Rafi, S., & Demi, S. (2023). Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence: A decision‐making Taxonomy of Potential Challenges. Software Practice and Experience, 54(9), 1621–1650. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.3216
Alhur, A. (2024). Redefining Healthcare With Artificial Intelligence (AI): The Contributions of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Co-Pilot. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.57795
Apell, P., & Eriksson, H. (2021). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Healthcare Technology Innovations: The Current State and Challenges From a Life Science Industry Perspective. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 35(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1971188
Arda, Z. (2024). Alfabetización en Inteligencia Artificial Y La Demanda Por Inteligencia Aumentada: Adcomunica Revista Científica De Estrategias Tendencias E Innovación En Comunicación, 115–142. https://doi.org/10.6035/adcomunica.8020
Arianto, H. (2024). Readiness of the Legal Education System in Indonesia in Facing the Era of Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Social Health, 3(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.58860/ijsh.v3i2.163
Bartneck, C., Yogeeswaran, K., & Sibley, C. G. (2023). Personality and Demographic Correlates of Support for Regulating Artificial Intelligence. Ai and Ethics, 4(2), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00279-4
Bates, D. W., Syrowatka, A., Rhee, K., Jackson, G. P., Alfayez, A., & Kunz, H. (2022). Call for Better Systems and Data to Support Artificial Intelligence for Pandemic Response. BMJ Health & Care Informatics, 29(1), e100506. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100506
Bhagat, Miss. I. A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare : A Review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset24114107
Bhatia, T. (2024). Regulations on Artificial Intelligence (AI): Decoding China’s Approach and How India Can Learn From China. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.20155
Blauth, T. F., Gstrein, O. J., & Zwitter, A. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Overview of Malicious Use and Abuse of AI. Ieee Access, 10, 77110–77122. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3191790
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J., & Narayanan, A. (2017). Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science, 356(6334), 183–186. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230
Chairani, M. A. (2022). The Urgency of Developing Law as a Legal Basis for the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia. Law and Justice, 7(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v7i1.760
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Du, M. (2023). Policy Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: A Review of the Literature. https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA230041
Esteva, A., Chou, K., Yeung, S., Naik, N., Madani, A., Mottaghi, A., Liu, Y., Topol, E. J., Dean, J., & Socher, R. (2021). Deep Learning-Enabled Medical Computer Vision. NPJ Digital Medicine, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00376-2
Faraoni, S. (2023). Persuasive Technology and Computational Manipulation: Hypernudging Out of Mental Self-Determination. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1216340
Filipova, I. A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: Experience of China. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 2(1), 46–73. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2024.4
Franks, E. (2024). Report: China’s New AI Regulations. Global Privacy Law Review, 5(Issue 1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.54648/gplr2024007
Gasser, U. (2023). An EU landmark for AI governance. Science, 380(6651), 1203–1203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj1627
Giarmoleo, F. V., Ferrero, I., Rocchi, M., & Pellegrini, M. M. (2024). What ethics can say on artificial intelligence: Insights from a systematic literature review. Business and Society Review, 129(2), 258–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12336
Gilbert, S., Anderson, S., Daumer, M., Li, P., Melvin, T., & Williams, R. (2023). Learning From Experience and Finding the Right Balance in the Governance of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Health Technologies. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e43682. https://doi.org/10.2196/43682
Grassini, S. (2023). Shaping the Future of Education: Exploring the Potential and Consequences of AI and ChatGPT in Educational Settings. Education Sciences, 13(7), 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070692
Hasan, M. (2024). Regulating Artificial Intelligence: A Study in the Comparison between South Asia and Other Countries. Legal Issues in the Digital Age, 5(1), 122–149. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2024.1.122.149
Hermann, E. (2021). Anthropomorphized Artificial Intelligence, Attachment, and Consumer Behavior. Marketing Letters, 33(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-021-09587-3
Hickok, M. (2022). Public Procurement of Artificial Intelligence Systems: New Risks and Future Proofing. Ai & Society, 39(3), 1213–1227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01572-2
Huang, C., Zhang, Z., Mao, B., & Yao, X. (2023). An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics. Ieee Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 4(4), 799–819. https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2022.3194503
Huang, X., & Qiao, C. (2022). Enhancing Computational Thinking Skills Through Artificial Intelligence Education at a STEAM High School. Science & Education, 33(2), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-022-00392-6
Jobin, A., & Ienca, M. (2019). The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
Kazim, E., & Koshiyama, A. S. (2021). A high-level overview of AI ethics. Patterns, 2(9), 100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100314
Keith, A. J. (2024). Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Southeast Asia. Global Policy, 15(5), 937–954. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13458
Kelly, C., Karthikesalingam, A., Suleyman, M., Corrado, G. S., & King, D. (2019). Key Challenges for Delivering Clinical Impact With Artificial Intelligence. BMC Medicine, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1426-2
Kieslich, K., Lünich, M., & Marcinkowski, F. (2021). The Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI). International Journal of Social Robotics, 13(7), 1563–1577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00734-w
Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Sivarajah, U., & Kaur, J. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Integration in Business: Trends From a Bibliometric-Content Analysis. Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10279-0
Kurhayadi, K. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Implementation in the Field of Public Administration in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in Indonesia. Ijd-Demos, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.37950/ijd.v4i4.343
Law, R., Ye, H., & Lei, S. S. I. (2025). Ethical artificial intelligence (AI): principles and practices. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 37(1), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2024-0482
Lee, H. S. (2024). Transforming Creative Process: A Systematic Literature Review of Discourse on AI Image Generators. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 61(1), 986–988. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.1162
Liebig, L., Jobin, A., Güttel, L., & Katzenbach, C. (2024). Situating AI policy: Controversies covered and the normalisation of AI. Big Data & Society, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241299725
Liu, M. (2024). Workplace Artificial Intelligence Regulation in China: Between Efficiency and Social Stability. Ilr Review, 77(5), 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939241278956b
Liu, Y. (2021). Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Endoscopic Detection of Esophageal Neoplasia in Early Stage: The Next Step? World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(14), 1392–1405. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i14.1392
Liu, Y. (2023). Implications of Generative Artificial Intelligence for the Development of the Media Industry. Aei, 1(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.54254//1/2023006
Ma, A. (2024). Regulation in Pursuit of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Sovereignty: China’s Mix of Restrictive and Facilitative Modalities. The African Journal of Information and Communication, 34, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.23962/ajic.i34.20103
Mahony, S. (2024). Concerns About the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism, and Media Manipulation. Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849241263293
Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Background and Procedures. In A. Bikner-Ahsbahs, C. Knipping, & N. Presmeg (Eds.), Approaches to Qualitative Research in Mathematics Education (pp. 365–380). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9181-6_13
Mensah, G. B. (2024). AI Ethics. Africa Journal For Regulatory Affairs. https://doi.org/10.62839/AJFRA/2024.v1.I1.32-45
Mokry, S. (2024). Competing Ambitions Regarding the Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence: China, the US, and the EU. Global Policy, 15(5), 955–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13444
Nanni, R. (2024). The False Promise of Individual Digital Sovereignty in Europe: Comparing Artificial Intelligence and Data Regulations in China and the European Union. Policy & Internet, 16(4), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.424
Palaniappan, K. (2024). Global Regulatory Frameworks for the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Healthcare Services Sector. Healthcare, 12(5), 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050562
Papagianneas, S. (2023). Smart Governance in China’s Political-Legal System. China Law and Society Review, 6(2), 146–180. https://doi.org/10.1163/25427466-06020002
Perrier, E., Rifai, M., Terzic, A., Dubois, C., & Cohen, J. F. (2022). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards Artificial Intelligence Among Young Pediatricians: A Nationwide Survey in France. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.1065957
Pillai, R., & Metri, B. A. (2022). Customers’ Online Shopping Intention by Watching AI-based Deepfake Advertisements. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 51(1), 124–145. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-12-2021-0583
Ravizki, E. N., & Yudhantaka, L. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum: Tinjauan Konseptual Dan Tantangan Pengaturan Di Indonesia. Notaire, 5(3), 351–376. https://doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v5i3.39063
Reis, J., Santo, P. d. E., & Melão, N. (2020). Impact of Artificial Intelligence Research on Politics of the European Union Member States: The Case Study of Portugal. Sustainability, 12(17), 6708. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176708
Schiff, D. S., Kelley, S., & Camacho Ibáñez, J. (2024). The emergence of artificial intelligence ethics auditing. Big Data & Society, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241299732
Secinaro, S., Calandra, D., Secinaro, A., Muthurangu, V., & Biancone, P. (2021). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Structured Literature Review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01488-9
Shi, F., Wang, J., Shi, J., Wu, Z., Wang, Q., Tang, Z., He, K., Shi, Y., & Shen, D. (2021). Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Imaging Data Acquisition, Segmentation, and Diagnosis for COVID-19. Ieee Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 14, 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2020.2987975
Sindermann, C., Yang, H., Elhai, J. D., Yang, S., Ling, Q., Mei, L., & Montag, C. (2022). Acceptance and Fear of Artificial Intelligence: Associations With Personality in a German and a Chinese Sample. Discover Psychology, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-022-00020-y
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Tallberg, J. (2024). AI Regulation in the European Union: Examining Non-State Actor Preferences. Business and Politics, 26(2), 218–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/bap.2023.36
Tang, C. (2024). AI and Big Data in Economic Regulation: A Comparative Analysis of China and the United States. Applied and Computational Engineering, 69(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/69/20241458
Tavory, T. (2024). Regulating AI in Mental Health: Ethics of Care Perspective. Jmir Mental Health, 11, e58493. https://doi.org/10.2196/58493
Thu, T. N. D. (2023). Healthcare in Vietnam: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence and Robotics to Improve Patient Care Outcomes. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45006
Vinuesa, R., Azizpour, H., Leite, I., Balaam, M., Dignum, V., Domisch, S., Felländer, A., Langhans, S. D., Tegmark, M., & Nerini, F. F. (2020). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y
Walter, Y. (2024). Managing the race to the moon: Global policy and governance in Artificial Intelligence regulation—A contemporary overview and an analysis of socioeconomic consequences. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 4(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00109-4
Williams, M. D., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2015). The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): a literature review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(3), 443–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2014-0088
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector—Applications and Challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
Xia, L. Q. (2024). Diplomatic Relationship-Building in the Age of Generative AI: The European Union and China. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-023-00321-6
Xu, B. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Learning Applications on Oral English Ability: a Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v13-i4/23352
Yang, T. (2024). Legal Regulation of Generative Artificial Intelligence in China. Law & Digital Technologies, 4(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.18254/s278229070031786-0
Zeb, S. (2024). AI in Healthcare: Revolutionizing Diagnosis and Therapy. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Arts, 3(3), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.47709/ijmdsa.v3i3.4546
Zeng, J. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and China’s Authoritarian Governance. International Affairs, 96(6), 1441–1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa172
Zhu, K., & Zheng, L. (2021). Based on Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial Field Operation Status and Countermeasure Analysis. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9017181
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Delipiter Lase, Eliyunus Waruwu, Arli Yanto Zai, Robin Markus Putra Waruwu (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright remains with the authors.
Upon submission and acceptance for publication, authors grant Tuhenori a non-exclusive, royalty-free, worldwide, irrevocable license to publish, reproduce, distribute, display, index, and archive the article in any medium or format, now or in the future.
Unless otherwise stated, all author-created content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0. This license permits use, distribution, adaptation, and creation of derivative works for any purpose, including commercial use, with proper attribution.
